more modern theory, that the souls of the
departed are all collected together in a
subterranean place, called Tuonela. The
ruler of this limbo is Tuoni (with whom
Kalma is sometimes confounded) ; and so securely
is he fortified against intrusion, that
the adventurer who would visit Tuonela
must cross nine seas and a-half, and then
complete his journey by the passage of a
river.

Tuonela, subterranean though it be, is not
so very dissimilar to the earth. The sun
shines upon it, rivers water it, forests — not
to the exclusion of meadow-lands—grow upon
its soil, and it is blessed with an ample live-
stock of bears, wolves, snakes, and the like;
but though the land is not barren, all that
it nurtures or produces is of a bad sort.
The forests are dark beyond the earthly
standard; the water is black; and the corn-
fields yield a crop that arms with teeth a
most unpleasant animal, called the Tuoni-
worm (Tuonen Toukka). However, the
stream which must be crossed in order
to visit Tuonela, and which is called the
Tuonela river par excellence, is endowed
with a sanctity similar to that of the infernal
Styx in the Greek mythology, inasmuch as
an oath by its cataract is binding on the most
potent beings.

Though Tuoni is the god of death, he is
not supposed to be its cause. People must
be dead already before he has anything to do
with them; and when they reach his domain,
he carefully watches over them, while his
wife, nicknamed the " good hostess " (hyvä
emantä), hospitably entertains them with
frogs and snakes.

The family of Tuoni is generally repulsive.
He himself is an old man, with only three
fingers, and a hat that hangs over his shoulders;
his wife is notorious for hooked fingers
and a distorted chin; his son, sometimes
called the " red-cheeked " (punaposki), from
his sanguinary propensities, has claws of iron.
Then, as for the daughters of the family,
they are a sadly disreputable lot. Loviatar,
the worst of them all, is not only blind,
hideous, and black as well in soul as in
complexion, but she is the mother of nine
children, who are a greater nuisance than
herself. Kipu-tyttö, who has nothing to do
with the dead department, keeps diseases in
a hollow rock, much as Æolus preserved his
winds, and when they contrive to escape,
tormenting mortals wherever they go, she is
sometimes requested to lock them up again.
The lady, who is simply called the daughter
of Tuoni, or Manala (another name of Tuoni),
and who, we may presume, is the eldest of
the family, is very ugly and very ill-tempered,
but she has been known to perform an act of
kindness, and is, therefore honourably
distinguished from the rest.

However, the main population of Tuonela
consists of mortals, who have terminated
their earthly career, and now form a vast
subterranean mob. Their existence is far from
idle, the old being provided with staves, the
young with swords, and the middle-aged with
spears, as if for active service. The character
of excessive watchfulness, and excessive
severity is common to them all, so that, according
to the Finnish creed a man no sooner
dies, than he becomes crabbed and disagreeable ;
and he who loses his life, is sure to
lose his temper also.

DOWN AMONG THE DUTCHMEN.

X.

IF an inquirer into the faces and ways
of men be a true wanderer— a philosophic
vagabond, as Doctor Goldsmith has it—
and will see for himself, feel for himself,
and work for himself; if he be man
enough to leave his portmanteau behind at
head-quarters, and take with him broad
felt hat, wallet and umbrella ; if he have
resolution to trudge it for only a few days, looking
well to the right and left as he goes,
sketching in a figure, a sheeling, or a windmill
— if he have that gift— halting at wayside
cabaret for a stoup of wine, when weary ;
prodigious will be the profit and
entertainment that wandering man will draw
from his labours. His days will go by
lightly, relished with an infinite zest, and his
nights will be given to sweet and weary
slumbers. He will find a strong sense of enjoyment
in his life. He will have no moments
of dulness or stagnation. He will look abroad
through nature with the late Doctor Akenside,
not exactly to the range of planets, suns,
and adamantine spheres (which, after all'
are dreamy things, but sapless to the last
degree) but to picturesque aborigines, and
handsome costumes, and bits of landscape.
Good Isaac Walton, the angler, had it that
his was the contemplative man's recreation ;
but I take it, with all deference to
Piscator and Venator and the other gentlemen,
that this trudging through a country
is the true sport for a thoughtful man, and
hath the best value in it.

Let over-worked Jurisconsultus, whose
eyes are bleared and whose head aches
with exploring that great white country,
known, painfully, as abstract of title, conveyance,
and pleas; let poor, wan Jurisconsultus
lock his chambers behind him, and turn that
awful blue bag of his into a wallet, and then
go out and walk. Let him abstract himself
—if he must have that entertainment — and
convey to himself in fee (mentally, that is),
the pleasant homesteads he will go by. Let
him put that terrible leading case far from
his thoughts — let him leave it under lock and
key in those chambers, to greet him on his
return. Let him flee far from railways and
forego that use of Coke, as well as that awful
folio on the shelves. So he will return, after
a month's wandering, rubicund and light-
hearted,— inclined rather to look at the